Gurais / Gurez 

Notes from the Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladakh of 1890 on Gurez (which was also referred to as Gurais or Gurys) and Tulail (referred to as Tilail or Tlyl ). The Gazetteer was a treasure of vital information on all parts of Kashmir and Ladakh and it also carried detailed Route Maps and Details in the Mountains. Presenting the Notes on both Gurez and Tulail and some Explanatory addendums.

Gurez is a Valley in the north of Kashmir. It stretches from a short way above Gurais Fort to below Sirdari. The main road, leading from Kashmir into the Valley, crosses the Rajdihgan Pass ; the distance from Bandipura, at the head of the Wular lake, to Kanzalwan, on the left bank of the Kishanganga, being about 25 miles, which is usually divided into three stages. The entrance to the valley is exceedingly picturesque, as the river comes dashing along through a rich meadow, partly covered with lindens, walnut, mud willow trees, while the mountains on either side present nothing but a succession of most abrupt precipices, end alpine ledges, covered with fir trees. It is nowhere above a mile in width, and is surrounded on every side by lofty peaks, chiefly of mountain limestone, rising far above the limit of forest which covers their lower slopes. 

As the Note states Gurez is located North of the main Kashmir Valley across the Razdan Pass and the Journey now from Srinagar to Dawar which is the main Village in Gurez takes around 6 to 7 Hours. There are a number of Check Posts that you need to Pass while going into Gurez and the details of all Visitors are duly Noted as its a Militarily sensitive Region as the present Line of Control between India and Pakistan runs the Region. The Gurez Valley also now stands divided between the two Countries.

The south-east end of the valley ie occupied by a superb peak of mountain limestone, rising nearly 5,000 feet above it, and dividing the Tilail valley from that of Gurais; to the north of this mountain is an immense mass of alluvium, which must once have up the entrance to the north-east end of the valley, and through which the Burzil stream .appears to have worn its way. This part of the valley, which lies north-east and south-west, is very narrow at its lower end. It is bounded by precipitous mountains, which are somewhat scantily fringed with forest, the greater lying on the left bank of the stream.

The Peak being referred to in the above Note is the iconic Habba Khatoon Peak which stands over the Village of Dawar in an almost perfect Pyramidical form. The Peak is named after the famous Poetess Habba Khatoon who was from the area and who’s Lovestory with the Chak Sultan of Kashmir is the stuff legends are made of. The Peak lies at the Junction of the Kishenganga with the Burzil stream. Also the extent of Gurez Valley is till the Peak and after the Peak moving along the Kishenganga the Tulail Valley starts.

The South portion of the valley about the Fort is wide and level, offers a beautiful prospect, the mountains on the South side being clothed with forest, while to the north they rise in precipitous masses of Grey rock with here and there a few pine trees. The scenery in the west portion of the valley between Kanzalwan and Sirdari is likewise very pleasing,the river winding amid dense forests of pine and cedar. 

The elevation is between 7,000 and 8,200 feet. 

Taking a leftern Route from Kanzalwan takes one towards the Southern part of the Gurez valley which traditionally extended till the Village of Sirdari which now lies on the other side of the Line of Control. Now the last Village on the Indian side is Bagtore and after that the Kishanganga crosses over the Line of Control.

The road from Srinagar crosses the Kishanganga at Kanzalwan by a single span bridge about 6 feet wide. The river-bed here is about 70 yards broad. The road lies uniformly along the right bank of the River. It is repaired annually by the Maharajas troop, preparatory to the dispatch of commissariat stores for the frontier garrisons, and is consequently a good and, for the most part, level road, quite practicable for laden animals and mountain artillery.

A regular postal establishment is maintained on this road, but the intervals at which the mails are dispatched are uncertain; during the summer months the dak-runners are stationed in pairs, at 2 kos apart, but in winter, parties of eight or ten men are located in stages of 5 kos; the line is worked as high up as the village of Dudgay by Gurais men, and beyond that point by Tilailis. These men are said to be paid at the rate of R6 (Kashmir currency) per mensem. The path from Gurais to Tilail crosses the Burzil stream by a bridge at, or above, the village of Tsenial and ascends the mountain, the distance from the fort to the Tilail valley being about 13 miles. From Kanzalwan, in a westerly direction, the path lies at first on the left bank of the Kishan' Ganga, crossing the river by the bridge between Bakthaor and Thaobut ; it then lies along the right bank as far as Sirdari, after passing which village it becomes impracticable, 

Now the Road is well Motorable all the way to the extreme end of Tulail on the other side. In the earlier days begore the era of Motorcars there was a System of Dak Runners who used to deliver letters up and down between Gurais and the main Kashmir Valley. These Dak Runners were placed at regular intervals and their Job was just that, Run to the next Dak Runner station and deliver the Messages.

The inhabitants dress differently to the Kashmiris ; they invariably wear very loose puttu pajamas coming down as low as the calf, and a kamarband outside the choga or coat. They also wear the Dard cap in place of a pagri. In the village of Gurais itself there is a mixture of Dards and Kashmiris. 

The inhabitants of Gurez are mostly Shina people and speak primarily the Shina language though many of them due to the linkage with Kashmir are fluent in Kashmiri as well. Nowadays their dressing is no different than in Kashmir.

Their houses are built of unhewn timber, dovetailed at the corner, the interstices being plastered with mud ; they are built as close as possible to each other for the sake of warmth and communication, and are usually disposed in squares facing inwards, a small aperture serving the triple purpose of door, window, and chimney. In some of the villages in the western portion of the valley, they are beginning to build houses of a more commodious pattern, copied from those in Kashmir. There is a great want of trees and shade about the villages, which is explained by the statement that the heavy load of snow by which they are weighed down in winter destroys them. The villages in the Gurais valley are Walpur (twenty-five houses), Khandial (thirty houses), Murkot (forty houses) and Digar (twenty eight Houses)

There are still many Houses made in the traditional way out of timber though slowly and steadily these are being replaced with Concrete and Brick structures with Tin Roofing as is prevalent in most of the Kashmir Valley.

The climate of the Gurais Valley ia very rigorous, and the harvest scanty and uncertain; seasons of dearth, caused either by want of sun or rain are not infrequent, but flocks and herds abound, and from their profits the inhabitants are enabled to import grain in seasons of scarcity. ' 

Gurez has a Cold Climate and experiences heavy Snowfall in the Winters as a result of which it remains cut-off for 4 to 5 Months every year from the main Kashmir Valley. Also many of the local Gurezis now have Property in Bandipura and other parts of the Kashmir Valley and they prefer spending the Winters in these places instead of being stuck in Gurez. It needs to be Noted that Gurez has no regular Electricity supply though they get some Supply in the Evenings through Army run Gensets.

The only crops are millet, buckwheat, and peas; and of these there is but one harvest in the year. Besides willows, a few crab-apples and pears are met with, and in the south and west portions of the valley walnut trees of scant dimensions are found, but the fruit is said to be hard and small; in the west also strawberries are usually plentiful, and raspberries and mild currants are not uncommon. The aromatic plant called burrish is found in great quantities on the slopes of the mountains on the north side of the valley. It is of a whitish-green colour, very similar in appearance to the tetwan or wormwood, but rather larger; its roots, ,which are large and fibrous, are extensively used as fuel at elevations where wood is not procurable. Rice will not ripen. Very good ponies can be obtained at Gurais. The valley affords splendid pasturage. 

Gurais was originally governed by a Nawab, tributary to the Gaor Aman Rajas of Gilgit ; the present Nawab, by name Malik Wafadar, is the eighth or ninth of his family, who has borne the title in regular succession. His father, Malik Dilawar, having been invited to Srinagar by Shaikh Ghulam Maihidhin, the Governor under the Sikh rule, was treacherously thrown into prison, from which be managed to effect his escape after a captivity of three years; he retired to the mountains north of the Kishanganga river, where he collected his followers, but the Sikh force opposed to him being vastly superior in numbers, he thought it prudent when the flood subsided, rendering the passage of the river feasible, to withdraw to Gilgit, where he was eventually treacherously murdered. His son the present Nawab, was, at the time the events occurred, a hostage in the hands of Colonel Mia Singh, who had succeeded to the governorship of Kashmir. On attaining man's estate he took service under the Maharaja, and is now Thanadar of the Valley his forefathers ruled. Malik Wafadar is an intelligent man of pleasing address; he has a son, Baktawar, a child of about five years of age. 

Gurais is, most probably, the Urasa of the Raja Taringini. 

During the winter months the road from Kanzalwan to Gurais is extremely difficult and dangerous for the first 4 miles, as the sides of the mountain along the face of which the road is made are extremely steep, and the Snow lying at the slope of the ground makes the difficulty of cutting a track through it very.great. 

(Vigne-Drew-Barrow-Manifold.)

Tilail / Tulail

TILAIL-Lat. 34' 30' and 34' 35'. Long. 75' and 7S0 %Of. Elev. The name of a long and narrow valley lying to the north-east of Kashmir, which is traversed by the incipient Kishan Ganga. 

It in nowhere more than a mile in width, and is encompassed by lofty mountains which exhibit a like peculiarity to those in Kashmir, inasmuch as the elopes having a southern aspect, are uniformly bare of forest, and are here clothed with grass or masses of prangos, while on the south side there is no want of timber, except towards the west end of the valley between the villages of Purana Tilail and Zergay, where the mountains are too precipitous to give footing to any vegetation, excepting here and there a few pine trees which cling to the bare face of the rock. 

The general appearance of the valley presenta a great contrast to Kashmir, as the sylvan beauty of the earthly paradise is entirely wanting, and the mountains that enclose it are not bold enough in outline to compensate by the wild grandeur of their scenery.

In the upper portion of the valley the fall is considerable, and the Kishan Ganga flows a turbid and impetuous torrent, which finds an exit at the western extremity through a narrow gorge which only gives passage to the river; and the main path traversing the valley, which has hitherto followed the right bank of the stream, crosses the range of mountains to the north-west into Gurais. 

This path forms the high road between Gurais and Dras, and is that by which the Tilail valley is usually entered. It may, however, be reached more directly from Kashmir by a path which ascends from Wangat to Gangarbal ; there are also two roads from Sonamarg in the Sind valley ; the one known as the Nikka Nai road lies by the Krishun Sar and Vishun Sar lakes, the other, called Bara Nai, follows the course of the Raman stream. From the Tilail valley, the Shingo river and Deosai plains, and Skardu, may, it is said, be reached at certain seasons of the year by a path which ascends the Grati Nar.

The inhabitants of this valley differ somewhat in appearance from those of Kashmir, their features approaching the Mongolian type. Their dress is much the same, except that the women wear an exaggerated copy of the common red head-dress. The Dard language is universally spoken. 

The Valley is sparsely populated; the houses are all huddled together in the village or ranged in a square enclosing a courtyard, in which the cattle are herded ; this disposition is adopted for the sake of warmth and communication during the long and rigorous winter. The dwellings, which are frequently double-storied, are constructed of unhewn timbers dovetailed at the corners, and having the interstices plastered with mud. They have no chimneys, and are all very dirty. The villages, with scarcely an exception, are entirely bare of trees, and have but little vegetation of any description about them ; barley, peas, trumba, and pinga are the only products of theValley ; rice is of course unknown at this elevation. 

The harvests are not abundant, and are scarcely in excess of the requirements of the inhabitants.

It is the custom to bury the grain in caches ; this appears to be a remnant of the precautions which were taken during the old marauding days, but the habit is still adhered to, owing to the want of proper vessels to contain the grain, and of space in the homes. in which to store it, The holes are usually constructed in some dry spot near the village ; they are called dis in the Dard language and sus in Kashmiri. The grain is carefully fully wrapped in birch bark before being consigned to these receptacles; the hole is then filled in with stones, above which a layer of earth is spread. When well dried and securely packed, the grain is said to keep good for six months, but it is not usually preserved so long. 

The inhabitants of Tilail seem to be extremely fond of fruit, of which the only indigenous varieties are the strawberry and a few wild para, but a great deal is imported from Skardu, principally dried mulberries of a very inferior description, and a small apricot called but but sair by the Kashmiris; for these luxuries the people barter the woollen stuffs they have manufactured during the winter. Ths mild flowers and grasses common to the British Isles are found throughout the valley, and roses in Tilail are scarcely less abundant than those of Kashmir, exhibiting, if anything, more beautiful tints. 

Though extremely poor, the Tilailis pay 60 rupees (chilki) at their marriages ; this sum is paid by the bridegroom to the bride's family either before or on the day of marriage. Flocks of sheep constitute their most valuable possession ; the Kashrniri butchers buy much of their meat in this valley, paying for the animals at the rate of 14 or 15 rupee (chilki) a kharwa taken at an estimation. 

The government tax is calculated at half the produce of the lands and is paid either in money or in kind. Vigne states that when Tillail was subject to Abmad Shah, the Gyalpo or Raja of Skardu, he, instead taking a tribute of money, contented himself with receiving annually a present of a sheep and a coil of rope from each house. 

The government likewise levies a duty of an anna in the rupee on all articles exported from Tilail to Kashmir. 

The administration of justice is provided for in the following manner: Small cases are decided by the village mokaddams ; more important matters are referred to the thanadar, who resides in Badgam, from whom appeal lies to the governor of Kashmir. 

It is said that on all suits having a pecuniary value the Government levies a duty equal to one-fourth of the value in dispute.